Martin Luther King Jr. - The Dream of Equality Essay

On August 28, 1963 a man delivered a message of hope from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. That man was Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr., and with his powerful command of language, he turned his speech into much more. Because of Dr. Kings eloquent use of the English language and his peaceful demonstrative tactics, his speech comes to life and affects a diverse audience. In the beginning, he speaks of Abraham Lincoln and the Emancipation Proclamation, he describes the lives, ...of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice, (King). He could have simply said, The Negro has been oppressed, but that wouldnt have been granted the profound impact that his words did. He speaks†¦show more content†¦He insists that the freedoms they deserve and desire are attainable. He gained the support of numerous people, and had the public believing in his dream. Not everyone can inspire a nation with four words. And those words, no matter how small or insignificant, will always hold a greater meaning because of Dr. King. I have a dream, (King). Dr. King focuses heavily on peaceful demonstrating. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred, (King). In contrast to Malcolm X and other civil rights activists of the times, Dr. King was much more diplomatic in his protests. Instead of inciting violence, he demands, ...meeting physical force with soul force, (King). A speech is just words on paper until it is presented. The method of presentation is just as important as the content of the speech. Dr. Kings booming voice echoed throughout Washington on the day of his speech, and he had everyones attention. His use of descriptive language made his speech come to life. When he speaks of segregation, you can feel the pain in his voice. When he speaks of hope for the future, he inspires you to want to change the world. Dr. King does an excellent job of appealing to everyone. He does notShow MoreRelatedI Have A Dream By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.1102 Words   |  5 Pagesare supposed to protect and serve. In the speech, I Have A Dream by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., he elaborates on the fight African Americans have endured and sets the path for freedom and equality while We Shall Overcome by L.B Johnson speaks on providing equality for all Americans. According to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. speech, â€Å"I Have A Dream†, we, as nation and as people must demand freedom based on equality and perseverance. Equality and perseverance are the stepping stones towards true libertyRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr., A Political Icon Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplishments have forever changed society and the world. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of those individuals. Martin Luther Kings contributions to history place him in this inimitable position. One of the great figures in the march of human history, Martin Luther King Jr., like Gandhi before him, lived by a heroic credo of non-violence. More than two decades since his death, Martin Luther King ideas; his call for racial equality, his faith in the ultimate triumph of justice, and his insistenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream Speech1480 Words   |  6 PagesMovement, Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream speech was broadcasted across the nation and heard by millions of Americans on August 28, 1963. Throughout the decades, many have promoted the importance of racial equality in America. Leaders such as William J. Clinton, Barack Obama, and George W. Bush have contributed to modern social movements by, doing as Dr. King himself, giving speeches to varying audiences concerning the issue of racial inequality. Above all, Martin Luther King Jr made the strongestRead Moreâ€Å"I Am Happy To Join With You Today In What Will Go Down1420 Words   |  6 Pageshistory of our nation.† (L erone Bennett Jr. pg.125) Being a hero means to be a leader. To be a leader you have to have strength, courage, and commitment. In the 1960s, there were many leaders fighting for what they believe is the right of freedom and equality of all people. A major leader, Martin Luther King Jr. was involved in the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. King was influenced by advocates of nonviolence such as Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted to seek equality for African Americans that were underprivilegedRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Research Paper1430 Words   |  6 PagesCommunications Essay DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. SPEECH â€Å"I HAVE A DREAM† Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15 , 1929 and died on April 4, 1968. He was born Michael Luther King Jr. but decided to change his name to Martin. Both Martin Luther’s grandfather and father were pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. Martin Luther carried on the tradition and served as pastor from 1960-1968 (Nobel Prize, 1). He was a big part of the civil rights movement for his raceRead MoreOutliers Essay909 Words   |  4 PagesOutlier Essay: Martin Luther King Jr. An outlier is a person or thing situated away or detached from the main body or system. In other words, an outlier is somebody who goes out of his or her way and does something extraordinary in order to accomplish their goal. Martin Luther King Jr. is a true example of an outlier. In the early 1900s, segregation was strongly recognized in the United States, until Martin Luther King Jr. stood up for what he believed in and made a change. Although he made a differenceRead MoreMartin Luther King Speech Analysis989 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther King Jr gave what could be considered one of the most well known and most influential speeches in the entirety of time. His words sparked change for an entire nation and was an enormous factor in contributing to the African American Civil Rights movement. During the time of Martin Luther King Jr’s speech, the country was in a great state of distress regarding equal rights and equal opportunity for people of color. Riots, protests, and chaos seemed to be taking over the country asRead MoreThe Fight for Freedom1312 Words   |  6 Pagesworking for change since before the civil war, but mainly beyond. Some of the most prominent civil rights leaders include Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, Philip Randolph, and Bayard Rustin. The two main goals of the civil rights activists being, equal rights and treatment for all races. As a result, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was written by Martin Luther King, Jr., a man who â€Å"Led successful efforts to integrate public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama; founded the Southern ChristianRead MoreBeing A Hero Means To Be A Leader. To Be A Leader You Have1124 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve is right of freedom and equality of all people. Major leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X they were involved with the Civil Rights Movement during the 60s. They were willing to fight until the end to make a change in society. Both men wanted to giv e the rights to all black people in America of living as an equal human being. But they both had their own ways of trying to make history and trying to make a difference for black people. Martin Luther believed in fighting verballyRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr.: How Society Changed859 Words   |  4 Pageswas Martin Luther King Jr. King’s ideas sparked the ideal perspective of equality. Martin Luther King Jr. fought for equality by organizing marches, giving powerful speeches, and staying positive through adversity. Martin Luther King Jr. knew of the constant racism and cruelty in Birmingham, Alabama and decided to lead a march in 1963. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph Abernathy, treasurer of the SCLC, led a group of fifty marchers toward city hall in Birmingham (Boerst, 12). Martin Luther King Jr

The Code of Ethics for Professional Nurses Essay - 1271 Words

The Discipline of Professional Nursing Introduction The Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses is a document that details how a nurse in Manitoba is expected to act regarding ethical matters (College of Registered Nurses of Manitoba, [CRNM] 2006). Ethical principles are laid out with the assumption that nurses value and respect the individuality of people (Burkhardt, Nathaniel, and Walton, 2014). This paper will examine a case study and discuss the ethical principles, values and laws that pertain to the case. The stance that the nurse should take in this case study will also be discussed. Case Study Mr. Doe, an 82 year old man with Alzheimer’s disease has been a resident in a chronic care facility for 5 years. He has recently†¦show more content†¦Doing and promoting good, preventing harm and removing harm are all part of beneficence (Burkhardt et al., 2014). As previously noted, this principle can conflict with the principle of autonomy therefore presenting an ethical dilemma for the nurse. Non-maleficence is similar to beneficence as it means to do no harm (Burkhardt et al., 2014). In regards to Mr. Doe ´s, the nurse may feel like not giving him his medication is not promoting good and may be harming him, but it would still be violating his autonomy and right to refuse treatment. Veracity is a principle that denotes telling the truth; when interacting with patients, nurses must deliver objective, honest and thorough information (Burkhardt et al., 2014). If the nurse hid Mr. Doe’s medication in his ice cream this would violate the principle o f veracity. The acquirement of consent from a substitute decision maker would be necessary if Mr. Doe ´Ã‚ ´s was determined to be incompetent (Latha, 2010). Fidelity is a principle that outlines keeping promises; nurses must uphold the code of ethics, keep their promises to their patients and follow the policies of the organization in which they are employed (Bukhardt et al, 2014). In hiding Mr. Doe ´s medication the nurse would not be upholding the code of ethics. Values The values that pertain to this case study are promoting and respecting informed decision-making, preserving dignity and being accountable. In the case study, Mr. Doe ´s has decidedShow MoreRelatedCode of Ethics for Nurses Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: SYSTEM OF INQUIRY PAPER System of Inquiry Paper Wendell A. Garcia University of Phoenix March 18, 2008 American Nurses Association’s Code of Ethics for Nurses Ethics is an integral part of the foundation of nursing. Nursing has a distinguished history of concern for the welfare of the sick, injured, and vulnerable and for social justice. This concern is embodied in the provision of nursing care to individuals and the community. Nursing encompasses the prevention ofRead MoreIs Nursing A Profession?1153 Words   |  5 Pagesjob of a nurse can be considered a profession or an occupation. Merriam-Webster s Medical Dictionary defines a profession as a â€Å"calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation† (Profession, 2013). Merriam-Webster s Medical Dictionary defines an occupation as â€Å"a practice preformed with financial compensation† (Occupation, 2013). An occupation can be filled by a professional or an amateur; however, an amateur could hardly be named as a professional. DistinguishedRead MoreCode of Ethics - Nursing1475 Words   |  6 Pageshandled by a single person—t he nurse. In today’s society, nurses’ roles and responsibilities have drastically changed. Nurses are not only limited to a hospital setting where they are assessing patients, handing out medications or assisting doctors. Nurses are also a counselor, an agent of change and a patient’s advocate. Nurses can also be an educator in a classroom setting, during clinical practice of student nurses or through public presentations. In addition, nurses can also take up roles as partRead MoreProfessional Identity Is The Persona Assumed By One Who1347 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional identity is the persona assumed by one who holds expertise or specialised knowledge (Dadich 2015). It can also be defined as morals, beliefs that an individual feel. Specific to nursing, professional identity is to provide quality care for patients and to ensure a safe environment for others. For the nursing profession, there are a set of guidelines, codes of conduct and codes of ethics nurs es need to follow to ensure the best care is given and provided for others. There are three mainRead MoreANA Code of Ethics Provision Five Review Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagesprovision five of the ANA code of ethics are as follows: section 5.1, which is moral self-respect, suggests that nurses must care for themselves as much as they care for their patients. Nurses must do their best to maintain professional respect to themselves in regards of their competence and moral character. Section 5.2, which is professional growth and maintenance of competence, suggests that nurses must continue to self and peer evaluate themselves throughout their careers. Nurses must continue to learnRead MoreThe Nurse s Code Of Ethics1022 Words   |  5 Pages When working in a professional setting there are certain rules the employee’s must follow. Every major profession has a code of ethics, that sets standards and guidelines that are set in place to protect both the professional and the client. Ethics play a key role in day to day business. This paper will discuss the nurse’s code of ethics, the advantages and disadvantages, and difficulties that the author may have following the established code. This paper will also discuss whether or not thereRead MoreMerriem Webster Dictionary Defines Ethics As The Principles915 Words   |  4 PagesMerriem Webster Dictionary defines ethics as the principles of conduct governing an individual or a group; a guiding philosophy (Ethic). Moral concepts governing a groups behavior cannot â€Å"be examined and understood apart from their history (MacIntyre, 1). Behavior that is seen as good and bad is depicted in ancient literature and poems. Iliad occurs during the Trojan War, circa 500 BC. Socrates (circa 470/469 – 399 BC) is known as one of the founders of modern philosophy; the Socratic Method isRead MoreEthics And The Ethics Of Ethics929 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Nurse’s Before all parties involved can begin a working relationship, each individual should discuss and obtain a written description of the duties expected and the code of ethics that should be respected and followed; by beginning with a clear understanding of ethical values. Ethics: the study of right and wrong and how to tell the difference between them. Since ethics also means people s beliefs about right and wrong behavior, ethics can be defined as the study of ethics. EthicsRead MoreCode Of Ethics And Conduct1564 Words   |  7 PagesEthics is defined in multiple ways. These are considered as rules or regulations which sense the right or wrong doing related to any individual. Ethics in professional life can be defined as the sense of a person with which is responsible for controlling that routine practice of a particular person with which he can distinguish between right and wrong (Resnik, 2011). In professional fields, the importance of ethics can’t be denied. Every professi on makes use of certain guidelines on the basis ofRead MoreANA Code of Ethics1214 Words   |  5 PagesANA Code of Ethics Introduction In the field of nursing, the ANA Code of Ethics is designed to provide specific bylaws that will influence the practices of health care professionals inside the industry. However, there are different advocacy campaigns that will have an impact on how it is interpreted and applied. In the case of advocacy for population health, these issues mean that there could be moral dilemmas faced in the process (most notably: lifestyle choices and their impact on the individual)

Essay on Cloud Computing Physical System

Question: Describe about the Essay on Cloud Computing for Physical System. Answer: Introduction: A very new trend in the IT is the Cloud Computing. Cloud Computing is basically a technology that is used for assessment of various services over the internet. The people are free to access their files from anywhere with the help of cloud computing. A very important impact has been made by the cloud computing on the ways by which the applications are run and stored. The collaborations of the teams have been become more easy with the help of cloud computing. These are basically the data and the applications that can be accessed through various servers around the world that are known as clouds and that can be reached at any time. 1: The cloud computing has impacted the businesses to a large extent since the last few decades by making it easier for the corporate to access their files anywhere and anytime. The virtualization is taken one step ahead by the help of the cloud computing. The cloud computing makes it easy to run multiple operating systems on a single physical system. The corporate and the personal world have changed a lot with the help of the cloud computing. 2: The largest impact of the cloud computing is on the IT infrastructure. It is very difficult and costly to maintain a traditional IT environment as it requires buying various servers and hardware, implementation of the infrastructure and installation of the software. The cloud computing is beginning to make serious inroads in to changing the ways in which the internet IT shops operate. The significant changes in the IT landscape are the players. During the initial years cloud computing was referred to as data centre housing that had a direct connection with the customer but now there is high speed internet based VPN and much improvements in the hosting technologies that has led to dramatic cost reduction across the board. (C, 2016)The landscape offering the cloud computing services are not limited to the IBM, EDS Perot, CSC and ACS. There are several other players who are offering the cloud computing services that include the Google, Amazon etc. 3: Though cloud computing has proven out to be very advantageous for the business but it is not free from the risks and the threats. Some of the threats and the risks associated with the cloud computing are: Session Riding: Under this an attacker steals the cookies of the user to use the application in the name of the user. The attacker can achieve various things by sending different requests to the user. Virtual machine escape: There are various virtual machines run on the physical server in the virtualized environment. The hyper vision can be attacked by the attacker remotely by the use of vulnerability that is present in the hypervisor.(Lukan, 2014) Availability and reliability of service: it is expected that the cloud services are always available when the user needs them but this is not the case always especially in the bad weather when there is lot of lightning. The CSPs have uninterrupted power supplies. Data protection and portability: the problems of data movement and deletion needs to be dealt with while moving and choosing for the cloud computing. The old CSP deletes all the data that is stored in the data centre so that data is not left lying afterwards.(Potey, 2013) 4: The risks that are associated with the cloud services are less severe but are very much damaging. These risks can be minimized by the following ways: 5: Implementing the critical projections that include the prohibition of sharing the account credentials between the users no matter how trusted the business partner is. The user shall perform effective due diligence when researching for the cloud service provider. The security history of the CSP shall be reviewed well in advance by the user. There shall be the utilization of the single sign on in an organization. The user shall work in the conjunction with the expert so that the cloud security is assured on regular basis; the expert shall be either the consultant of the business or can perform the third party audits.(Parms, 2016) There shall be implementation of the end to end encryption. It shall be made ensured that the solutions are available for the encrypted data in transit.(Calyptix, 2016) The systems that are being used shall be up to date and there shall be in-house applications. The job of the CSP is impossible if it has to support out dated software with the known security risks. Conclusion: This includes answer 6, 7 and 8 The cloud computing has been becoming popular increasingly. There are various industry leaders like Google, Microsoft and IBM that are in continuous promotion of the cloud computing and have gained a lot of customers. Still there are many people who are researching about the cloud computing and feeling unease to migrate themselves to cloud computing. (Bernard, 2009)There are many benefits associated with the migration towards the cloud computing if there is caution and open eyes at the disposal of the user. The user is bound to pay attention to the paid measures that can be undertaken so that the malicious attacks can be prevented at the various stages that includes the networking, transmission, application security, storage and the user access. But the fact is that there are risks associated in the IT sector weather the user manages the IT in house or remotely. Though it has been proved that the cloud computing is very advantageous for the businesses in the coming future due to its fast and reliable applications. If various measures are taken by the users beforehand than the cloud computing can prove out to be a blessing for an organization.(Forrester., 2008) Bibliography Bernard, G. (2009). Cloud Computing: What Clayton Christensen Can Teach Us. Retrieved October 6, 2016, from https://www.cio.com/article/476362/Cloud_Computing_What_Clayton_Christensen_Can_Teach_Us C, M. (2016). Cloud Technologies are Changing the IT Landscape. The ServerSide . Calyptix. (2016, March 17). Top 5 Risks of Cloud Computing. Calyptix Blog . Forrester. (2008). Is Cloud Computing Ready For The Enterprise? Retrieved October 6, 2016, from https://www.forrester.com/rb/Research/is_cloud_computing_ready_for_enterprise/q/id/44229/t/2. Lukan, D. (2014, November 21). The top cloud computing threats and vulnerabilities in an enterprise environment. Security, Vulnerabilities . Parms, J. (2016). How to mitigate your cloud computing risks. Potey, M. (2013). Cloud Computing Understanding Risk, Threats,. International Journal of Computer Applications , 67.

Strategic Enterprise Resource Planning Models for e-Government

Question: Describe about the Strategic Enterprise Resource Planning Models for e-Government? Answer: Introduction Communication is the main purpose of the total information system. Weather in the ancient time or even in the modern time communication system was given the top most priority. In this chapter the researcher will diversify about the concept of Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management along with its advantages and disadvantages (Albarakati and Qayyum, 2015). Background of the study According to Morris (2011), in the modern generation the concept of internet application has given the most important breakthrough. It has enhanced the total communication system totally. Development of communication system is a long process. The entire researchers across the word perform various kinds of research work and research project in order to implement a better way of communication. In this particular assignment the researcher will discuss about a modern concept of could based ERP System. Research Aims and Objectives This particular research is based on the Cloud Based ERP system in retail business. The main objective of this particular proposal is to diversify the concept of Cloud Computing and to focus on its advantages and disadvantages. Different kinds of research methodology is adopted by the researcher in order to gather complete information about the applications of Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management. To identify the potential benefits of ERP system for retail business To evaluate the key benefits of Cloud Based ERP system for retail business organization To recommend the appropriate software tools of ERP system for retail marketers Research Questions What are the key benefits of ERP system for retail marketers? What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloud based ERP system in retail business management? What is Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management? Literature Review In this particular proposal the researcher will discuss about the concept of cloud computing system. Cloud Computing system is based on the Data Base Management System (DBMS). An imaginary cloud is present with a common access loaded with data. There is a common access system over the cloud. In order to increase the flexibility of the data access in an enterprise the concept of cloud computing system is introduced (Sasikala, 2011). Use of Cloud based ERP system in Retail Business According to La Barge (2012), there are many advantages of the cloud computing system. The major advantage of cloud computing system is the flexibility in the access. By using a particular User ID and a proper Password anyone can get the full access of the database. The importance of this particular database is regarding the portability function. Any user with a valid user Id and password can get the full access of the database from everywhere and from anywhere. It increases the flexibility of the work. The second advantage is regarding the data base management system. Cloud Computing is a proper database system where the data are fully protected. In any Enterprise the most important asset is data. Data protection is generally an important part of the management system. With the help of Cloud Computing the concept of the data storing system has changed totally. It is a system with 0% fault tolerance i.e. the data is stored with full protection. Further this particular concept is diversified with virtualization. Generally all the storage system is getting virtualized. This will ensure in the increase of portability and flexibility. Figure 1: Advantages (Source : Chhabra and Kumar 2012) Problems of Cloud based ERP system in retail business As per Alam (2012), cost factor is one of the most crucial factors in the concept of cloud computing. There are many kinds of retails sectors. The cost factor becomes the primary barrier to implement this concept. Small organization cannot to implement this particular system due to cost. The application of Cloud Computing is very vast. Generally all the small business organization cannot afford to implement. The second disadvantage is regarding the accessibility. Accessibility of cloud computing is very much diversified. The popularity is very much less. In the enterprise resource planning system the implementation of Cloud computing system is not done on a proper basis. On the other hand there are two more disadvantages. The first disadvantage is regarding the reliability and control factor and about its compliance and security factor. These are the additional two factors which restricts its popularity (Chhabra and Kumar 2012). Figure 2: Disadvantages (Source : Albarakati, 2015, pp- 19). Research Methods Mainly there are three kinds of research philosophy. Positivism, Interpretivism and realism. In this particular research work the researcher applied the concept of positivisms research philosophy because the positivism helps to understand the reality of the research work. As per research methodology there are two kinds of research approach. One is inductive method and on the other hand there is inductive method. The researcher has used the deductive approach of research methodology. The researcher has used two types of data collection method in order to complete the research work. One method of data collection is known as the primary method of data collection and on the other hand there is secondary method of data collection. Further the data collection procedure is divided into quantitative part and qualitative part. There are three kinds research designs which are used by the researcher in order to complete the research work. The three kinds of research designs are explanatory, exp loratory and descriptive. In this particular assignment the researcher has taken the explanatory research design in order to complete the research the research work. The researcher used the concept of probability sampling method in order to support the data collection procedure (Chhabra and Kumar, 2012). Figure 3: Research Methodology (Source: Chhabra and Kumar, 2012, pp-255). Results and Analysis By applying two kinds of data collection procedure the researcher has gone through various kinds views regarding the concept of Cloud Based ERP system in retail business. The researcher got a mixed view in the data collection methods. Due to its high cost the process of implementation is very slow. It is only possible for the big organization to implement this total procedure and on the other hand small organization cannot afford to implement this service. Conclusion This particular proposal is based on the Cloud Based ERP system in retail business. The researcher concluded about the advantages as well as disadvantages of cloud computing system. In this proposal the researcher mainly focuses on the different kinds of challenges and barriers regarding the implementation of Cloud Based ERP system in the retail business management. In order to support the research work in an effective manner the researcher applied various kinds of research methodology. Reference List Chhabra, S. and Kumar, M. (2012). Strategic enterprise resource planning models for e-government. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference. J.Albarakati, A. (2015). An Overview of Implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning. IJAIS, 8(7), pp.15-19. J.Albarakati, A. (2015). Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation in Institutions and its Civilizing Temperament/Nature. IJAIS, 8(7), pp.20-24. J.Albarakati, A. and Qayyum, J. (2015). Next Generation Enterprise Resource Planning: ERP II. IJAIS, 8(6), pp.5-8. Morris, J. (2011). Sounds in the cloud: Cloud computing and the digital music commodity. First Monday, 16(5). Sasikala, P. (2011). Cloud computing: present status and future implications. IJCC, 1(1), p.23. Alam, M. (2012). Cloud Algebra for Handling Unstructured Data in Cloud Database Management System.IJCCSA, 2(6), pp.35-42. LaBarge, R. (2012). Cloud Penetration Testing.IJCCSA, 2(6), pp.43-62.

Jane Austens Persuasion free essay sample

This paper analyzes the novel Persuasion by Jane Austen. This paper discusses the work Persuasion by Jane Austin. It discusses the central character Anne Elliot and the parallels to Austin?s own character. Comparisons are also made to the works of Wordsworth and Byron and how the upbringing of males and females was carried out in their times. Females being persuaded that their father knew best even on matters of the heart and girls only adventure being that of romantic thought. From the paper: ?Jane Austen?s Persuasion is a study of both the negative and positive effects of the value the text takes as its name. Persuasion by definition is a form of education; an education with a particular point of view designed to change an impressionable individual?s mind. In the modern conception of what is a good and valuable form of education, the individual in question emerges better able to make decisions as the result of education and persuasion. We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Austens Persuasion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is along the lines of the famous phrase, ?give a man a fish and he eats for a day, teach a man to fish and he eats for a lifetime.? This conception of education, however, as Ann Astell points out in her essay on the Persuasion, is a highly Romantic notion, a relatively recent development in the history of modern concepts of the human intellect and human intellectual development.?

Meaning of smoke essays

Meaning of smoke essays Sometimes people feel that things are better left unsaid. Such is the case in Chris Avellone's, smoke, which tells the story of two friends who have a good relationship until one speaks the truth that both had been hiding. The smoke in the essay can be looked at as a veil that is concealing the true feelings of the two characters. The setting, which is in a smoke filled bar, can be looked at as a secret hide away that the two friends go to. It is when Kyle starts to bring what is really going on that the conflict starts. When the story starts, the two friends are at a bar playing darts and drinking beer. When Kyle start smoking a cigarette it is then that Dave starts to open up and let the audience know that the two friends have not seen each other in a while. He also starts to describe his friend physically paying special attention to his eyes. Throughout the story Kyle is very vague when answering Dave's questions about his new relationship. Finally he asks his friend if his girl knows about what was going on between the two of them. Dave tries a first to shrug the conversation off but it is at this point that smoke the cigarette is giving off is starting to make sense. "Smoke curled from his nostrils out onto the table, like some kinda dragon" (Avellone, 3). Throughout the entire story the smoke seemed to make Dave feel more comfortable. It seemed as if the presence of the smoke made him telling the story and him even being around Kyle okay. With the smoke curling from his friends nose the reade r is able to get a picture that the smoke is starting to clear. It is only when the smoke seems to be clearing in his eyes, revealing both his and Kyle's true feelings that he started to get uneasy. At this point he attacks his friend and calls him all kinds of vulgar names. He says that he cannot see much because of the smoke and that at that point, "Kyle just faded out into the smoke in Shoop's" (Avello ...

Introducing an airplane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Introducing an airplane - Essay Example It carries about 300-550 passengers and has a range of about 17500km. The aircraft was designed after extensive consultation with eight airlines to replace the aging aircraft variants that were present in the market at the time such as those mentioned here above. It acted as the bridge between the Boeing 767 and the Boeing 747 in terms of aircraft offerings. The original version was the 200 version which was followed in 1997 by the 200 ER (extended range) and then the stretched 300 version in 1998 which is about 10 meters longer than the original 200 series. The 300ER long range variant was introduced in 2004 followed closely by the 200LR in 2006. From then Boeing has introduced other versions of the Triple Seven including a freighter together with other versions e.g. the Boeing 787. There are three engine offerings available for the 777 including the General Electric GE90, Rolls Royse Trent 800 and the Pratt and Whitney PW4000. This aircraft is one of the best selling fuel efficient commercial airliner capable of flying more than half way around the world. Motivation From the 1970s Boeing had continually unveiled new models to replace and expand its fleet. The need for more capacity and range capability motivated the company to come up with a new long range aircraft that could replace the old Airbus A330, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and the Lockheed L1001. Several variants including the 777 tri-jet had been programmed for production before their production was cancelled. The main motivation was to build a reliable, fuel efficient, both long and short range capability and increased passenger capacity. Developments in technology had influenced industry players to bring up the fly by wire design and the Boeing 777 provided the perfect opportunity. It was the first aircraft to adopt the technology. History The developments in technology over the years had influenced players in the aviation industry to expand their fleet with more efficient aircrafts which could be effective in the expanded global market. These developments saw movements with major airlines calling for more range, capacity and fuel efficiency. Boeing Commercial Airlines reacted to this market demand by engaging ten world class airlines to come up with the solution to these deficiencies. In the 1970s Boeing had introduced several models among its fleet such as the twin engine 757 which was to replace the 727, the twin engine 767 to compete the Airbus A300 and the 777 tri-jet (which was later abandoned) challenging the DC-10 and the Lockheed Tri-Star. In the 1980s there was a big gap at Boeing product line where the 767-300ER and the 747-400 that could not adequately achieve the required potential of size and range. The other airlines e.g. Airbus also had old aircraft among their fleet that called for replacement. Airbus had in the meantime moved to fill this gap by developing the A330 and A340. At Boeing, several proposals were being mooted to enlarge the 767 with the result o f the 767-X. It had a capacity of 340 passengers and a range of 13500 km. It was however un-impressive to the company as it did not meet the requirements such as short to intercontinental range capability, flexible cabin configuration and low operating cost. This resulted in the 777. Boeing Commercia

Social Work Skills Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Work Skills - Assignment Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that communication is a two-way process involving progression and exchange of ideas, feelings or thoughts towards a mutually accepted direction or goal. Communication skills influence all aspects of life making the learning of effective ways of communication very vital. Ineffective communication is useless since the message or information that is to be passed on is lost. A good communicator has to be proficient in all forms of communication including not only the transmission of communication but also the ability to receive the information received by others. For effective communication, one needs to understand communication concepts to ensure the communication is effective. Communication, being a cycle of receiving and sending information, involves a message being sent to the receiver by the sender. The receiver is to listen to the sender and sends a feedback to the sender to acknowledge that the message was well underst ood. The above steps, when all followed ensure the occurrence of effective communication. A good number of looked after children have an at one time or another experienced family breakdowns, rejection or abuse. These situations can be complex and affect the children’s physical and emotional well-being, educational and social opportunities, effective self-sufficiency, resilience and personal relationships. These effects make it difficult for children in looked after centers to open up and communicate effectively.

Radical feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Radical feminism - Essay Example However, these views may be contestable in some situations since men are equally portrayed the same way just as women in pornography. Indeed, the term pornography is often complex to define as people tend to describe it the way they see as suitable to their liking. Various connotations will emerge from this attempt to infer different meanings to this complex term. The feminists on the other hand are primarily concerned with pursuing the equality agenda with reference to the male dominated patriarchal system. Wendy McElroy (2008) suggests that radical feminists decide to describe pornography as the "graphic description of the lowest whore." Radical feminists view sex itself as a social construct where men seek to satisfy their sexual feelings through the exploitation of women. They view pornography as a way of discrimination on the basis of sex where women are presented as sexual objects as well as commodities meant to benefit the men alone. The radical feminists tend to infer insubordination of women by men and they choose to ignore other possible definitions which seek to rationalise pornography. It is also imperative to fully explain radical feminism as a way of grasping the whole concept with regards to exploring the feminist views against pornography. Jone Lewis (2008) attempts to define radical feminism as; "a philosophy emphasising patriarchal roots of inequality between men and women or more specifically the dominance of women by men." Thus, according to Lewis, radical feminism uses a militant approach where it views patriarchy as dividing rights and power by gender as a result of oppressing women while at the same time giving privileges to men. It can be noted that radical feminists have this general view of opposing the existing political as well as social systems as they believe that they have their origins tied to patriarchy. They in fact support a culture which advocates a different approach to various political as well as social systems. The radical feminists are of the view that patriarchy is the root problem of inequality between men and women. Their approach is the attempt to get to the root cause of what they view as their problems. By any standard, this is a radical approach where the radicals seek to challenge the existing way of viewing things. According to Bronwyn Winter (1998), radicalism is influenced by the need to correct the imbalances of power between men and women that were created by patriarchy. There seems to be overemphasis on radicalism as different views brought out by feminists serve the purpose of exposing their views contrary to the actual situation obtaining on the ground. Radical feminists are particularly concerned with equality between men and women. When it comes to pornography, they argue that women are not fairly treated and they are depicted as sex objects. However, be it soft or hard core pornography, both men and women are depicted within the same parameters where it can be argued that the claims by the feminists are not wholly true to a certain extent. Even men take an

National Identity In Chinese Cinema Film Studies Essay

National Identity In Chinese Cinema Film Studies Essay Upon studying cinematic allegory Chinese cinema helps create a national identity through reconstruction of the past. Using Deleuze`s theory of time and space in cinema the deconstruction of space and time with in Chinese cinema and the role of the imagined past create an allegorical film about national identity. Through the film `Hero` directed by Zhang Yimou I will be discussing the role of time and space through and the allegorical meaning of the films through the dissections of particular scenes mentioning cinematic techniques and what eaach scene represents. Firstly we must understand how a Chinese cinema reconstructs a sense of identity. A part from the obvious such as martial arts and traditional costumes the political, historical significance of China is very important in reconstructing the national identity. During the time of ancient China various Dynasties have taken control of China. Each ruling having different ideologies and concepts towards the nation. There were many historical moments that was perceived as inhumane or tyrant like such as the eradication of clans with different ideologies who oppose the dynasties, however in order to successfully tell a historical event and is common in Chinese cinema is to use nostalgia as the primary source to reconstruct history. Most traditional Chinese cinema retell historical events in a artistic and aesthetically pleasing manner and therefore films such as Hero can be analysed allegorically and historically in an essence of the reconstructed identity. The film Hero a Chinese film directed by Zhang Yimou produced in 2002 was an international success. The film stars Jet Li and in terms of authenticity unlike Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon which was produced by Hollywood, the directors were more careful of the language and sequences used in the film. The films main ideology or belief is peace between all factions of mainland China due to the ruling of King Qi. This clichà © use of the theme peace and resonance attributes to the whole notion of allegorical film. In doing research on King Qi and the Zhou dynasty it appears that King Qi outlawed Confucianism to maintain stability in China and killed and buried alive the scholars. This dark moment in history was not really depicted in the film and was definitely not shown in the film as a positive impact. E.g the killing of the clan that specialise in calligraphy; therefore we can get a sense that nostalgia is a strong form of the reconstructed nation. One of the reasons why Mainland Chi na has distributed historical martial arts movie is because of its political discourses that has alienated Chinese culture. Political discourse experienced by China with the Westernization of China and also influence from the Japanese may have lead to the idea of an imagined nation. These Radical political phenomena witnessed around the world may have caused the catalyst for spreading the territories to those engaged in the post colonial struggles of the era (Crofts 1988 pp 385). With the rapidly changing cultural significance and China becoming more open to the world through globalization there was not a wide variety of tradition and culture to work with due to Western and Japanese influences so ultimately China needed to observe the past embracing what Mainland China was once like. For the audience that viewed this movie the political struggles and a lack of exaggerated and artistic historical reflection does not really affect in the way of national identity due to the fact that a lthough idealized audience are able to experience the basic cultural tradition. This idea of playing with politics with in the film works as an allegory for communism and the rebellion against it. King Qi represents the ideology of communism and is very well resembled in the film. For example in the scene where he states that he will unify the character of the sword into one rather than have nineteen different characters. The film does deliver in terms of traditional practices and culture and the cinematography of the film is also a key element in representing the idea of the reconstructed nation. The traditional and rhetorical practices that have been seen throughout history books gave theories a chance to connect memories with a sense of identity (Dickinson 1997: 2). The film definitely captures the notion of memory (the historical events and retelling of the events occured) and connects it with identity (Mainland Chinese culture such as martial arts and calligraphy). With the ext ension of images and sequences of the hyper-real a sense of not being able to forget the past is heavily emphasized. Ever since the film was used as a medium to promote globalization and culture nostalgic values were needed in an attempt to break the stereotyped view of certain ethnicity and also introduce some of the traditions and lives of ancient imperial China. The director Zhang Yimou was obsessed with symmetry with in his films. The scene when Nameless goes into battle with Sky at the temple for playing chess is symmetrical in terms of the architecture. The colours were unified between the background, foreground and costumes. The calligraphy room is also symmetrical and so was the library. This obsession with symmetry and unified colours reflect the reconstructed identity of national Chinese cinema. The sense of the imagined gives the film a very artistic and beautiful personality. Deleuzes theory of the exploration of a network of time and space is evident throughout the film. When Nameless retells the epic battles with the 3 legendary warriors the first battle that Nameless retells contains the complex weaving of time and space. Throughout this scene there are many quick sword battles between Sky and the officers and also Nameless as well. The scene runs for quite some time and throughout the scene sound effects of water droplets consta ntly dropping can be heard. This water droplet sound effect is the key feature in this scene. Firstly when Sky is fighting King Qi`s officials the fast paced sword clinging sounds gives the scene a sense of speed. However by inserting the water droplet sounds constantly the films rhythm is intentionally forced back to the peaceful flowing motion. This juxtaposition of the use of sounds creates the effect of the reconstructed nation as the sense illusion and reality are connected through the droplets of water. The retelling of the story V.S the truth behind the story told. Also the water droplet sound effect acts as the deterrent to keep the real sense of time with in the film. In this scene Nameless and sky imagines their battle with their minds however the water droplet sounds connects the real time with the imagined time acting as the alarm to snap into reality again. The notion of time is explored in this film with the use of slow motion between the fights and the representation of the stories in the past. This complex layering of time with in time creates a sense of duel and parallel sequences of multiple pasts and present to move the story forward. Thus replacing the action image into optical and sound images (Deleuze, 1985 pp 7). The water droplet is there for you to notice but as subtle as the action image is being analysed by the optical. In a Deleuzian sense the theory of neo realism where the use of wires create a natural feeling movement yet defies gravity throughout the battles creates and conquers the optical space within the film and the blending of real time, slow motion and real time for the actual audience is bent into a `u` shape where the illusion seems as reality and the reality seems as the illusion. Both ending in the same conclusion where Nameless becomes the Victor. Also the singing voice in the film represents Skys defeat as the climax of the battle comes near the singing voice acts parallel with Sky as he is struck by Namelesss sword. The voice that is not built within the sound of the shot but an external sound added aafter the filming creates the unifies the film and time. This outer and inner film work is also a manipulative tool to fortell, start and end sequences. The director`s use of colours can be also noticed. During the calligraphy scene the whole scene had a theme of red. Allegorically the scene can be depicted as the last resistance from the movement of communism. The red representing the blood lost from the clan of Zhao and their calligraphy. The Chinese character representing sword is the symbol for the connection between the spirit of the eradicated clan and the swordsmanship or the fighting spirit from the warriors who attempted to protect the clan. At the end of the scene where flying snow and Moon have their battle for revenge against the murder of Broken sword the scene is shot in an area where autumn leaves were falling. This scene is a representation of the final fall and death of the clan and allegorically the resistance against communism and unification which had failed. The red emotionally representing lust and rage also tie in with the scene as betrayal and revenge is a key emotional theme explored in the scene. Flying snow murdering Broken sword for the lust that had been created between him and moon and the rage created from the death of a master. Multiple stories depicting the fall of Broken Sword and Flying snow are each represented by a different colour. The scene that is shot in white where Nameless attempts to convince the warriors to assassinate the King the colour white symbolizes the ideaology of Broken Sword. Near the end of the film Broken Sword reveals that he does not intend to kill the King but to unify the kingdoms for the greatest prosperity. Peace. Broken Sword mentions his answer to the world. `By uniting all under heaven`. The colour white is the representation of Broken Swords philosophy and ironically Broken Sword arch enemy of King Qi was the only one who understood the true intentions of King Qi. The rebellion against the communist regime has now completely disintegrated. However there is a contradiction beteween the use of symmetry and obsession with unification of the colours as it contradicts to the idea of freedom and resistance against communism. The communist ideal is to unify. Like King Qi he states that by eradicating the different characters for one word it will be much easier to comprehend. However the unification and symmetry does not connect to the idea of rebelling against communism. Perhaps this is done purposely to state that the unification process of communism has already spread and the characters involved were fighting an unwinnable battle. While in the topic of national cinema and reconstructing identity it is also interesting to note that hybrid forms of national cinema are beginning to appear in film. Although most of the films are Hollywood directed films and not classified as world cinema such as The last Samurai, Lost in Translation and Babel bring hybrid forms of national identity to the audience. These films introduce traditional and contemporary forms of culture to the audience. For example in Lost in Translation a contemporary, modern day structure where pop culture is heavily introduced such as Karaoke bars, bright neon lights at night etc. This reference to pop culture and how life in Japan is illustrated would be a more accurate form of national identity. This is because it illustrates contemporary culture and practices and the audience will gain a deeper engagement through the viewing and the practices and the display of a different culture is much more accurate unlike nostalgic films of the past. The reco nstruction of national identity is therefore a more artistic representation which means a realistic form of national identity are rather woven in through the use of cinematic allegory and cinematic techniques. These new hybrid forms of cultural diversity in film is the new era in sustaining the essence of national identity. Thus it should be stressed that since national cinema attempts to promote the culture of one nation by reconstructing it making it appealing to the audience and in doing so it deliberately hides or bends parts of historical evidence. The national discourses and history has shaped the national state into what it is and perhaps that is the main reason why national cinema has become the subject of narcissism as history hides the true self of a nation only portraying the viewers with knowledge and fragments of history as evidence. As nations tend to be ideological constructions, it leads to nations bending and erasing the history that may have a negative impact. (Hay ward 2000: 89). In conclusion the film Hero works as an allegorical film because of the political statements and issues are brought forward with the use of cinematic techniques such as colour, unification and symmetry. In a Deleusian sense the sequences of flashbacks (with different perspectives of the story) the complex layering of time to drive the sequence in a forward motion can be directly tied to the cinematic allegory as the representation of the rise of communism using different time spectrum to reveal the symbolism for communism. The two theories creates a network of complex yet unique insight into the film and therefore the film becomes a reconstructed identity.

John Lennon :: essays research papers

Two summers ago, I was in a bit of trouble. My parents grounded me and kept me indoors for a majority of the break. I had little contact with friends, besides my job and the occasional visits. Though I do not look back at this period of my life happily, I now realize I benefited greatly after surviving through it. My internet access had been taken away, but I still used my computer. I had a stash of mp3's I had downloaded in the past few months, which consisted mainly of Beatles songs. I had downloaded just about every album they ever made, from the pop-influenced "Please, Please Me", to the mellowed out, psychedelic "Magical Mystery Tour". My musical taste shifted pretty much overnight from hip-hop to classic rock. A new era of my life had begun. All four members of the Beatles are influential. However, John Lennon, through his lyrics, views, and musical genius stood out to me. I started simply by just listening to their music, but found myself researching the life and accomplishments of John Lennon. His character influenced me to change my ways of thinking. By the middle of this summer I noticed my personality had changed from depressed and angry to loving and caring. A true love for everyone had developed inside of me. Maturity definitely plays it's part in these changes, but John Lennon's music jumpstarted this transformation. Songs such as "Imagine" and "In My Life" had me feeling and thinking in ways I had never before. My musical taste has since moved on from the Beatles, but I will always have a place in my heart for their music as long as I live.

Sikkim Wildlife and Biodiversity

Chapter 2 WILDLIFE & BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity at a Glance India is recognized as one of the 12 mega diversity centres of the world. Out of the 18 Biodiversity hot-spots in the world, India owns 2, namely the Western Ghats and the Eastern Himalayas. Sikkim covering just 0. 2 % of the geographical area of the country has tremendous biodiversity and has been identified as one of the HOT-SPOT in the Eastern Himalayas. There are 10 bio-geographic zones & 25 biotic provinces— which have 16 major forests types & > 200 sub types as per (Champion & Seth 1968).Sikkim falls under Himalayan (2) Bio-geographic zone & Central Himalaya (2c) biotic province—-having about 9 types of forests types (Champion & Seth). The State is endowed with rich floral and faunal diversity. Species wise, the State harbors over 4500 flowering plants, 550 Orchids, 36 Rhododendrons, 16 Conifers, 28 Bamboos, 362 Ferns and its allies, 9 Tree Ferns, 30 Primulas, 11 Oaks, over 424 Medicinal plants, 144+ ma mmals, 550 Birds, 48 Fishes and over 600 Butterflies.While these figures are still not absolute, it may be kept in mind that this is only the mega-fauna and flora. The tremendous diversity of insects like beetles and moths as well as a host of other life forms is yet to be enumerated. Most of the high altitude medicinal plants are rare and endangered species. Sikkim also has 28 Mountains/Peaks, more than 38 Glaciers, 227 high altitude lakes/wetlands and over 104 rivers and streams. Nature has been particularly generous in her gift of sylvan treasures to the state of Sikkim.Luxuriant forest, abound in all part of state and variety of medicinal plants, herbs, shrubs, bamboos and trees growing in state is truly rich. In the forest, there are number of plants whose medicinal values have been well recognized by local people as well as by different pharmaceutical, insecticidal and perfumery sectors. Medicinal plants ought to be given the status of a â€Å"National Resources† becaus e their sustained availability is essential to sustain one of the world’s oldest medicinal traditions, a priceless legacy of the Indian people.The local inhabitants for treatment of various ailments use numerous herbal remedies. Further more, modern medicines owes to the flora of these mountains. Many inhabitants for treatment of various ailments use numerous herbal remedies. Many species of Himalayan origin have revolutionized the allopathic systems of medicine. (The Medicinal Plant found in Sikkim is listed in Annexure II) ECOREGIONS Sikkim is a land of vast variation in altitude within very short distances ranging from around 300m to 8598m. Elevation plays a prime role in fashioning the ecoregions of the state.This is evident from the presence of Sal Shorea robusta forests in the Rangit Valley in the south to the temperate fir forests in the north, beyond which lie the trans-Himalayas and cold desert of the Tibetan plateau. Broadly speaking there are five altitudinal zones of vegetation. They are not clear-cut at their boundaries but merge into one another, often showing considerable local encroachments and recessions above and below the line depending upon physical configuration and exposure of the terrain and the resulting ecological factors.Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity The Tropical ecoregion extends roughly from the foothills of the outer Himalayas to an altitude of about 1200m. It contains steep sided valleys and gorges with well-drained flanking slopes. Various species of orchids, Rhaphidophora; wild banana, Pandanus; Nettles and giant bamboo are characteristic. The Rangit Valley Sal Shorea robusta in this region shows a unique association with the Chir Pine Pinus roxburghii. In patches of protected forest it is possible to see the weak Sal being slowly dominated by the Pine.These patches are however relatively poor in bird life. Lowland forests of Sikkim are home to several endangered species of birds like the Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis, Great Indian Hornbill Buceros bicornis homrai locally called ‘Hongraio’, Chestnut-breasted Partridge, Black-breasted Parrotbill, Grey-crowned Prinia and Ward’s Trogon. Other lowland fauna includes the Porcupine, Assamese Macaque, Barking Deer, Wild Boar, Tree Shrew, Peafowl (introduced), Python, Geckos, a host of butterflies and other invertebrates, riverine fish, frogs and toads.Several species of migratory water birds use the river systems during transit. Lantana is a major weed in this region. A small part of this ecoregion, a representative area of the Kitam Reserve Forests has recently been included in the wildlife protected area network of the state as the Kitam Wildlife Sanctuary. Forest fires are generally reported from this zone and there is an occasional problem of illegal removal of the Sal, Teak trees. New hydel projects have also been taken up in this zone.The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Terminalia bellerica, Termina lia chebula, Embellica officinalis, Azadirachta indica, Aegle marmelos, Ocimum sanctum, Oroxylum indicum, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Murraya sp. etc. However the wildly spreading alien invasive weed Mikania micrantha is fast manifesting as a serious threat to farmlands and young forests along with Lantana camara. The Sub Tropical eco-region extends up from about 1200 m to 3000m. The rainfall in this zone is the heaviest and conditions remain humid throughout the year.The crop in the upper storey consists of mainly Castanopsis hystrix (Katus), Machilus spp. (Kawla), Rhododendron spp. (Chimal), Symplocos spicata (Kholme), Symplocos theifolia (Kharane), Michelia excelsa (Rani Champ), Quercus lamellosa (Buk), Quercus lineata (Phalant), Leucoseptrum canum (Ghurpis), Quercus pachyphylla (Sungure Katus), etc. The other associates in the upper storey are: Betula alnoides (Saur), Nyssa javanica (Lekh Chilaune), Bucklandia populnea (Pipli), etc. In the underwood, Engelhardtia spicata (Mahuwa ), Eurya japonica (Jhingni), Rhododendron arboreum (Guransh), Vibernum spp. Asarey) etc. are the main species. In the upper reaches the upper storey consists of Quercus lamellosa (Buk), Q. lineata (Phalant), Machilus spp. (Kaula). The other associates in the upper storey are: Cinnamomum spp. (Sissi), Michelia excelsa (Rani Champ), Quercus lancaefolia (Patle Katus), Acer campbelli (Kapasi), Magnolia campbelli (Ghoge Champ), Q. pachyphylla (Sungure Katus), Castanopsis hystrix (Katus), Elaeocarpus lancaefolius (Bhadrase) etc. In the middle storey, Symplocos theifolia (Kharane) is the main species and Litsea spp. Pahenle), Rhododendron arboreum (Guransh), Bucklandia populnea (Pipli) etc are other associate species. Dense tall evergreen forests with oaks and Rhododendrons predominate. The undergrowth consists of Arundinaria maling, dwarf Rhododendron, ferns, epiphytic mosses and orchids. This area also is probably the richest in birds such as the Rusty-bellied and Lesser Shortwings, Kali j and Satyr Tragopan; reptiles like Japalura lizards, Cobra, Krait and Himalayan Pit Viper; Himalayan Bullfrog; butterflies and leeches. Eupatorium is a major weed competing out Artemesia and other secondary growth.Large Cardamom under-planted in forest patches and a tea estate at Temi are dominant features of the landscape as much as the naturalized exotic Cryptomeria japonica patches. Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary and part of Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary in East Sikkim and Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary in South Sikkim are the two wildlife protected areas in this ecoregion. Most of the human population of Sikkim resides in these two zones in an agricultural setting where terrace farmed rice, ginger, orange, cardamom are commercially grown while guava, banana, squash and marigold are common along with vegetables and herbs in homestead gardens.Forest produce like bamboo shoots, ferns and nettles are also collected during season. Soya bean, millet and cruciferous vegetables are grown an d processed into fermented foods like ‘Kinema’, a specialty of the Subba community; ‘Gundruk’ and drinks like ‘Chang’. Exotic oyster mushroom cultivation is being popularized along with trial commercial cultivation of flowers like hybrid orchids, lilies and gladioli. Hybrid stall fed livestock is seen around villages while the local breed of ‘Siri’ Cow can graze on the hill slopes.Sericulture is practiced through schemes of the forest department while apiculture is more of a hobby with the bee species Apis cerana. The government encourages pisciculture of Common and Grass Carp. The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Swertia chirata, Rubia cordifolia, Astilbe rivularis, Berginia spp, Acorus calamus, Kaempheria rotunda, Costus speciosus, Viscum articulatum, Rhus semialata, Phytolacca acinosa, Litsaea citrata, Drymaria cordata Artemisia vulgari,s etc. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 8 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodi versityThe Temperate ecoregion extends from 3000m to 4500m with mixed coniferous forests of Hemlock, Spruce, Pine, Fir and Junipers with shrubby undergrowth of Rhododendron and Arundinaria bamboo. Red Panda, Common Langur and Himalayan Black Bear, Lesser cats, Goral, Serow, Himalayan Monal, Fire-tailed Sunbird, Blue Magpie and few species of reptiles and amphibians are characteristic. Brown Trout Salmo trutta fario has been introduced in high altitude lake and river systems. Wild Seabuckthorn Hippophae sp. occurs some of which is collected for medicinal properties and as a dye.Potato and cabbage are grown as cash crops. Subsistence farming of wheat, barley and maize is carried out while beans, peas, some apple, peach and pear are grown on homesteads. Some amount of cattle rearing is practiced with stall fed hybrid milch cows with some trans-humance for local breeds in forest areas. Handloom cottage industry for making blankets, rugs and carpets uses some wool from sheep grazed at hi gher altitudes. The Alpine forests and scrub extend upto 4500 m with small crooked trees and large shrubs interspersed with fir and pine. The stunted forest is mainly of rhododendron of many species.Dominant wild fauna includes Musk Deer, Himalayan Tahr, Blue Sheep, Blood Pheasant, Ibisbill and a Snow toad. River systems harbour some of the (introduced) trout Salmo trutta fario. Most of the flora of this region attracts interest for medicinal purposes. Dwarf rhododendron leaves are used for burning as incense. This region has very little resident human population, mainly Bhutias and mostly pastoral, herding livestock like yak, dzo (cow-yak hybrid) and domestic cattle. Many wild edibles are collected from the forest floor like Arisaema sp. tubers, ‘Khendu’ Cardamine spp. and Agaricus spp. ushrooms. The Temperate ecoregion is protected in three wildlife sanctuaries at Shingba (North Sikkim), Kyongnosla and part of Pangolakha (East Sikkim), Barsey (West Sikkim) and one nat ional park namely Khangchendzonga National Park (North and West Sikkim). They harbour representative biodiversity of these ecoregions. The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Aconitum ferox, Aconitum heterophyllum, Heracleum wallichii, Nardostachys grandiflora, Orchis latifolia, Panax pseudo-ginseng, Picrorrhiza kurooa, Podophyllum hexandrum, Ephedra gerardiana, Taxus baccata, Hippophae spp. tc. The Trans-Himalayan ecoregion extends from 4500 m to 5500m with characteristic cold desert vegetation exclusively restricted to the north of Sikkim. This ecoregion has not yet been included in the protected area network of the state and is perhaps the most threatened as it contains mostly endangered species. Dominant among these are Kiang, Nayan or Argali, Tibetan Gazelle, Blue Sheep, Snow Leopard, Eurasian Lynx, Tibetan Wolf, Tibetan Snowcock, Lammergeier, Raven, Golden Eagle and Ruddy Shelduck breeding in the wetlands.The region has a short four-month growing season during whi ch grasses, sedges and medicinal herbs grow abundantly supporting a host of insect fauna as well as the wild and domestic herbivores, larks and finches. There are no permanent settlements. Human population consists of a small number of nomadic Tibetan graziers or ‘Dokpas’ (who herd yak, sheep and pasmina-type goats) and large number of Defence personnel as the area forms the international border with Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR).Closure of the border to trans-humance over the last three decades has led to intense grazing pressure by both the domestic and wild herbivores on the land. The area also suffers from the presence of landmines causing casualties among Nayan, Kiang and Tibetan wolf. Existence of feral dogs is a major hazard in this region. This ecoregion needs to be urgently represented in the wildlife protected area network of the state. The important medicinal plants of this ecoregion are Aconitum spp. , Nardostachys grandiflora, Picrorhiza kurooa,Gentiana spp , Rheum spp. tc. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 9 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity There is a growing concern throughout the world that the natural resources essential for human development and survival are being depleted and destroyed at an alarming and ever increasing pace. In order to protect, propagate and develop this rich wilderness, the State has realized that only by bringing in more such areas under the Protected Area Network could save this fragile eco-system from being over exploited and depleted.Keeping this in mind almost 31% of the total geographical area of the state has been brought under this network and state has recently added one more feather in its cap by declaring the Pangolakha Range as a Wildlife Sanctuary which is another rich treasure house of biodiversity. The existing status of wildlife protected areas is described as follows. Map 2. 1 Protected Area in Sikkim Source : CISMHE State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 10 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Bi odiversity Protected Area NetworkProtected area network has been playing an important role in maintaining the natural resources of this fragile eco-system and to the economy of the State, providing a base for recreation and tourism. Existence of protected areas in the higher reaches sustains environment stability of the surrounding region and thereby reduces occurrence of landslides and droughts, protecting the soil from erosion etc. Further it helps in maintaining the productive capacity of eco-systems, thus ensuring the continuing availability of water for sustaining life down stream.Because of an extensive Protected Area Network, and with better protection and sustainable human use, habitats have recuperated and in 1999 Takin Budorcas taxicolor was reported at Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary which was once native to this eco-system and similarly Tiger Panthera tigris migration is often reported every year. Even Himalayan Tahr or ‘Shapi’ Hemitragus jemlahicus, Musk deer M oschus chrysogaster and other endangered Himalayan fauna thrive within Kahngchendzongs National Park at locations like Bikmatar, Satdharey, Kasturi Orar with healthy population.Snow leopard Uncia uncia, a highly endangered animal of Himalayan eco-system which is at the top of ecological pyramid has also shown remarkable population increase as reported although proper census has not been conducted for the last few years. People from far off places come to see this elusive animal and for research purposes. Protected area network of Sikkim has contributed a lot in respect to scientific research and monitoring of wild species with some students also having carried out PhD dissertations. The rich diversity of wild flora is also being protected and preserved in this network. Table 2. 1 Protected Area NetworkSl. No. Name of Protected Area Area in sq. km. District Biogeographic Province Altitude 1 Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary 104. 00 West 2C 2200-4100 m 2 Fambong lho Wildlife Sanctuary 51. 76 East 2C 1524-2749 m 3 Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary 31. 00 East 2C 3292-4116 m 4 Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary 35. 34 South 2C 2400-3263 m 5 Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary 128. 00 East 2C 6 Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary 43. 00 North 1B 3048-4575 m 7 Kitam Bird Sanctuary 6. 00 South 300-1000 m 8 Khangchendzonga National Park 1784. 00 North/West 1B Total Protected Area 2183. 10 Total Geographical Area 7096. 00 9 Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve 620. 00 North/West 1B & 2C 2725-5537 m 10 National Park 1784. 00 North/West 11 Buffer area 836. 00 North/West Note: 1. Protected Area Network does not include area under buffer zone of a biosphere reserve. 2. Total area under Protected Area Network of State is 2183. 10 sq. km. (i. e. 30. 77% of the total geographical area) 3. Total area under Protected Area Network including the buffer zone of biosphere reserve in State is 3019. 10 sq. km. (i. e. 42. 55 % of the total geographical area). 4. Total protected area including the biosphere reserve ar ea is 51. 68 % of the total recorded forest area of the state.Most of the Ecotourism potential is prevalent only in Protected areas and one of the most important destination is Khangchendzonga Massif itself which is considered as cultural heritage and deity of Sikkim people, which also fall within Protected area in the name of Khangchendzonga National Park, which is a nucleus center for attracting tourists off far and wide and some other important places of interest also do exist only inside the Protected areas such as Dzongri trail, Green Lake, different varieties of Rhododendron species, glaciers ,alpine flowers , grassland, high cliffs , waterfalls , caves and other small lakes which are considered sacred place for pilgrimage.In order to have glimpses of this natural landscapes, tourists from far off places used to visit Sikkim which is contributing economy at the local level as it stimulates profitable domestic industries – hotels , restaurants, transport systems , souven irs and handicrafts and guide services. Without Government strategy and interest in preserving this rich bio-diversity and cultural heritage and without active people participation this fragile environment would not have been preserved and protected so far. Hence this protected areas network has contributed much to the economy of the State as well as in preserving the wilderness and providing sustainable livelihoods to the people living in the buffer. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 11 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity AVIFAUNAL DIVERSITY With in an area of 0. % of India, the Sikkim harbors around 550 bird species representing around 30% of the aggregate bird species and subspecies found in the entire Indian subcontinent. This region of the Central Himalayas lies within the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and for several bird species such as Chestnut-breasted Hill Partridge Arborophila mandelli, Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra and White-naped Yuhi na Yuhina bakeri this EBA is very important. It also has globally threatened species such as the Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis and Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni. There are eleven IBAs recognized by the Government of Sikkim in the State. Table 2. 2 List of Threatened Birds found in Sikkim Critically Endangered Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis Slender-billed VultureGyps tenuirostris Vulnerable Baer’s Pochard Aythya baeri Pallas’s Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii Blyth’s Tragopan Tragopan blythii Black –necked Crane Grus nigricollis Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra Slender-billed Babbler Turdoides longirostris Black-breasted Parrotbill Paradoxornis flavirostris Hodgson’s Prinia Prinia cinereocapilla Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta Formos a Near Threatened Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra Giant Babax Babax waddelliEndemic Bird Area 130 : Eastern Himalayas Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii Black-browed Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus cantator Ward’s Trogon Harpactes wardii Rufous-throated Wren-Babbler Spelaeornis caudatus Wedge-billed Wren-Babbler Sphenocichla humei Broad-billed Flycatcher-Warbler Tickellia hodgsoni Giant Babax Babax waddelli Endemic Bird Area 133 : Tibetan Plateau Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis Broad-billed Flycatcher-Warbler Tickellia hodgsoni State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 12 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity 1.DOMBANG VALLEY-LACHUNG-LEMA-TSUNGTHANG A full checklist of this site is not available but the bird records maintained by the department show that this area could have significant populations of Vulnerable Beautiful Nuthatch Sitt a formosa and Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola. The site lies in Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA 130) where Stattersfield et al. (1998) have identified 21 restricted range species. Only one such species, White-naped Yuhina Yuhina bakeri has been noticed till now (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2002), but looking at the extent of pristine habitat still available in this site, more restricted range species are likely to be found here.This complex, with wide altitudinal variation, basically lies in Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest), but avian elements of Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane – Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) are also found as these biomes merge with Biome-7, and secondly, many birds show seasonal altitudinal movement. Seventeen out of the 48 species listed in Biome-5 (BirdLife International, undated) are found in this site. Similarly, 47 out of 112 species listed in Biome-7 are found here. As this site also has Montane Mixe d Broadleaf- Coniferous Forest, Broadleaf Evergreen Forest and Deciduous Forest, many species of Biome-8 are also found here. Thus, this site perhaps has the most numerous biome restricted species among all the sites of Sikkim.The important birds of the valley are Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis, Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola, Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota, Grandala Grandala coelicolor, Plain Mountain-Finch Leucosticte nemoricola and Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola. A specimen of Tibetan Horned Owl (Eurasian Eagle-Owl) Bubo bubo from Lema was collected and deposited with BNHS. TSO LHAMO PLATEAU-LASHAR-SEBU LA-YUMESAMDONG COMPLEX A total of around 227 birds have been recorded from this c. 500 sq. km area, including four globally threatened species, three Restricted Range species and 93 Biome-restricted species (Ganguli-Lachungpa and Rahmani 2003). One of these, Babax waddelli, is reported only from extreme northeast Sikkim from 2,700-4,400 m in the Tibetan Plateau facies ( EBA-133) in Hippophae thickets.It is found in dense deciduous scrub above tree-line and edge of coniferous forest (Stattersfield et al. 1998). It is reported as ‘locally common’ (Ali and Ripley 1987). This site in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area is the highest altitude eco-region in Sikkim spanning two biomes, Sino- Himalayan Temperate Forest (Biome-7) and Eurasian High Montane (Alpine and Tibetan) (Biome-5) as described by BirdLife International (undated). Of the 48 Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane – Alpine and Tibetan) species, 35 occur here and of the 112 Biome-7 (Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest) species, at least 12 are from here. More are likely to be found after detailed investigations.The important breeding bird species recorded here are Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus, Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis, Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea, Common Redshank Tringa totanus, Tibetan Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes tibetanus, Snow Pigeon Columba leucono ta, Robin Accentor Prunella rubeculoides, Guldenstadt’s Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogaster, Plain Mountain Finch Leucosticte nemoricola, Black-headed Mountain Finch Leucosticte brandti, Mandelli’s Snowfinch Pyrgilauda taczanowskii, Tibetan Snowfinch Montifringilla adamsi, Plain-backed Snowfinch Pyrgilauda blanfordi, Rufous-necked Snowfinch Pyrgilauda ruficollis, Hume’s Groundpecker Pseudopodoces humilis, Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus, Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus, Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos and Little Owl Athene noctua. Some of the non-breeding birds are Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni, Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus and Common Hoopoe Upupa epops. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 13Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 2 Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary, West Sikkim Source: Wildlife Division, Forest Department BARSEY RHODODENDRON SANCTUARY This is an important IBA on the southeast corner of Sikkim with Nepal as its western border and contiguity with KBR and Singalila, stretching from alpine meadows down to subtropical forests. Birds from biomes 5, 7, 8 and 9 have been recorded here including at least three globally threatened species, two restricted range species, five out of 48 Biome-5 species, 38 out of 112 Biome-7 species, 21 out of 96 Biome-8 species and three out of 9 Biome-9 species. However, much more research input is needed.During a brief survey in September 1996, Biome-7 birds such as White-browed Tit- Babbler Alcippe vinipectus, Rufous Sibia Heterophasia capistrata, Grey-faced Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus maculipennis, Orange-gorgeted Flycatcher Ficedula strophiata, Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara, Rufous-bellied Crested Tit Parus rubidiventris and Red-headed Bullfinch Pyrrhula erythrocephala were ringed with BNHS rings. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 14 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 3 Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim Source: Wildlife Division, Forest Departme nt FAMBONG LHO WLS – HIMALAYAN ZOOLOGICAL PARK – RATEY CHU RESERVE FOREST COMPLEX Over 281 species of birds have been reported from this area, opposite the bustling township of Gangtok. Of these, the Oriental White-backed Vulture Gyps bengalensis not seen since the slaughterhouse at Gangtok was shifted to south to Rangpo almost a decade ago. The Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis reported by Ali (1962) from Gangtok has not been sighted lately.The Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta formosa a globally threatened is still found, while the Rusty-bellied Shortwing Brachypteryx hyperythra was remarkably easily netted and ringed both in Fambong Lho and Himalayan Zoological Park in the 2001 BNHS Bird-Banding Programme. The Red-breasted Hill-Partridge Arborophila mandellii was reported by Ali (1962) from Gangtok but not heard or sighted recently unlike the commoner Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola. The Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis and the White-naped Yuhina Yuhi na bakeri are restricted range species reported from this IBA (Anon 2002). In this Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area, four out of 21 restricted range species, at least five out of 48 Biome-5 species, 49 out of 112 Biome-7 species, 38 out of 96 Biome-8 species and three out of 19 Biome-9 species are found (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003).Other bird species include the biome-restricted Mountain Imperial Pigeon Ducula badia, Slaty-headed Parakeet Psittacula himalayana, Red-winged crested Cuckoo Clamator coromandus, Large Green-billed State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 15 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 16 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity KHANGCHENDZON HERE RESERVE Some important birding habitats here are D tam-Uttarey-Chitrey-Chewabhanjyang, the Rathong hu Valley along the Yoksum- Dzongri-Goecha La trekking trail, Tashiding, Rabdentse, Dubdi, Khecheopalri guthang- Gre GA NATIONAL PARK AND BIOSP C en all in West Sikkim; Tholung Valley in Dzongu, Tsungthang-Menshithang-Lachen- Thangu, the Muke route including the Zemu Glacier-Zemu Chu Valley, all in North Sikkim. Due to the size and en La altitude elevations in this IBA, birds recorded are from at least four biomes.Thus this IBA has at least 127 bird species of conservation concern including seven globally threatened and restricted range species, 24 species of Biome-5, 67 of Biome-7, 26 of Biome-8 and three listed in Biome-9. Birds like Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni have been recorded from northern Trans-Himalayan part of the IBA while Baer’s Pochard Aythya baeri has been sighted in Lake Khecheopalri along with wintering Mergansers Mergus merganser and Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1991), Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Common Teal Anas crecca and Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula. The Osprey Pandion haliaetus, protected under Schedule-I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, was killed atYoksum while fishing in the State Forest De partment’s fishpond (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1990).Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis has been recorded from the Muguthang area of Lhonak Valley IBA contiguous to the north (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1998). A large loose flock of dark eagles (unidentified) was videographed, during a trek to Dzongri in December 1999, flying southwards along with Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis and Lammergeier or Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). Local Lepcha people at Tholung report a unique phenomenon of congregations of either Ashy Wood-Pigeon Columba pulchricollis or Common Wood-Pigeon Columba palumbus near the Tholung hot-springs (a day’s trek from jeepable road) in summer (Chumden Nangpa pers. comm. 000), an annual event that has got disrupted due to development of the area for tourism (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). High altitude lakes at Kishong La are important stopover sites not only for migratory waterfowl but also for resident breeding birds like Brah miny Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea ducklings collected from here in 1986 survived for around five years at Gangtok’s Deer Park enclosure at Tashiling Secretariat (C. B. Bhujel pers comm. 2000)}. KYONGNOSLA ALPINE SANCTUARY– TSOMGO- TAMZE-CHOLA COMPLEX P sp of this site, the most prominent one would be the Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola, as it possiblrre (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra at the upper limit of its b ange, and Himalayan Monal Lophophophorus impejanus, the former considered as Near Threatened (BirdLife International 2001), are also residents. The Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota come down here in winter. Other species of interest are the Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epauletta, birds of temperate forest. Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos and Greater Spotted Eagle Aquila clanga, Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus with Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula were seen occasionally in Tsomgo Lake during the winter Asian Waterfowl Census (AWC). Pallas’s Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus was once seen in the forest patch below Tamzey during a survey for Red Panda in 1998 (U. Lachungpa pers. omm. 2003). The site is located in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA-130) where 21 species have been listed of which only one species, the Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis, has been found till now but more are likely to occur. Perhaps the most important reason for selection of this site as an IBA is the presence of large number of biome restricted species of three biome types. Although, this site lies chiefly in Biome-7 (Sino- Himalayan Temperate Forest), birds of Biome -5 (Eurasian High Montane – Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) are also seen, mainly due to their altitudinal movement.In winter, birds of Biome-5 move down, so we see species such as Rosy Pipit Anthus roseus, Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota, Alpine Ac centor Prunella collaris and others in this site. Thirteen out of 48 species of this biome have been seen in this IBA. Expectedly, the largest number of biome restricted species is from Biome-7: 35 out of 112 species but more are likely to be present. As the boundary between Biome-7 and Biome-8 is very diffuse (like all other biomes), some species are likely to be present in both the biomes. Till now, U. Lachungpa (pers. comm. 2003) has been able to locate only two biome restricted species, Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul and Black-spottedYellow-Tit Parus spilonotus, of Biome-8 in this IBA. Lhonak Valley is the famed flyway of migratory waterfowl (Ali 1962).Many Vulnerable and Biome-5 restricted species breed here such as the Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus, Black-necked Crane (unsuccessful nesting attempt at Tebleh Tso, Muguthang), the Tibetan Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes tibetanus, the Guldenstadt’s Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogaster, the Hume’s Groundpecker P seudopodoces humilis. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 17 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 5 Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, East Sikkim Source: Wildlife Division, Forest Department Maenam Wildlife Sanctuary, South State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 18 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity ng the lowest altitude IBA in Sikkim, this site has records of birds restricted to biomes erhaps due to seasonal altitudinal migration as well as the telescoping effewhere in a distance of c. 100 km, habitats ranging from lowland subtropical forests ton be seen (Ali 1962).Hence, as many as 14 globally threatened and restricted range speat least four Biome-5 species, 15 Biome-7 species, 33 Biome-8 species and seven Biome- 9 sperded from this IBA. The lowland forests of Sikkim are home to several species identified ad by BirdLife International (2001): Great Pied Hornbill Buceros bicornis now restrir tea estates, Red-breasted Partridge Arborophila mandelli (not recorded recently) anr pactes wardi. The Nepal Wren-Babbler Pnoepyga immaculata could also occur here. Duconducted here in 1996, no potential habitat was found for the Rufous-necked Hornbill . Biome-5 species like Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii are regularly recorded in winter onat Rangit river; Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria recorded from Trans-Himalayan Lhonaake) and other high altitude sites is also recorded from this IBA.The Collarex caerulescens was found breeding in 1996 very close to human habitation, hawkinge Fisheries Department pond at Baguwa but cleverly avoiding the mist-nets set arounds sighted at Baguwa and Jorethang in October 1996 (Ganguli-Lachungpa 1996). All these IBA a very interesting bird watching and conservation area. MAENAM WILDLIFE SANCTUARY –TENDONG RF There are several villages fringing this IBA due to which the habitat is open in several pla es of dense forest provides ideal bird hab 1998). The site lies in the Eastern Himalayas Endemic Bird Area (EBA- 130), in which Stattersfield et al. (1998) have listed 21 restricted range species. Eight of these have been seen here (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). This mid-altitude IBA falls mainly in Sino-Himalayan Temperate Forest (Biome-7). BirdLife International (undated) has listed 112 species in this biome, of which 53 are found here.The higher reaches of this IBA, above 3,000 m show some birds of Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane – Alpine and Tibetan) where 48 species are listed and seven are seen in this site. At lower reaches, Biome- 7 merges with Biome-8 (Sino-Himalayan Subtropical Forest) where 95 species are listed. Almost half of them (42 species) have been found here. Some areas of this IBA, especially in the valleys also show some faunal elements of Biome-9 (Indo-Chinese Tropical Moist Forest). Four species of this biome are also found here. They are Grey Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron bicalcaratum (unconfirmed), Pale-headed Woodpecker Gecinulus grantia, Greater Necklaced Laughingthrush Gar rulax pectoralis and Sultan Tit Melanochlora sultanea. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 19Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity Map 2. 7 Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary, East Sikkim Source: Wildlife Division, Forest Department Map 2. 8 Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary, North Sikkim State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 20 Chapter 2 Wildlife & Biodiversity PANGOLAKHA WILDLIFE SANCTUARY–ZULUKBEDANG TSO – NATU LA n passes of Natu La and Jelep La (La = Pass) form the routes for migratoover at the various wetlands in the area, especially Bedang Tso Lapejanus (locally called as Feydong) used to be found here hence the name Bedang Tso. Sometimes there is mass migrationilvus and (unidentified) eagles. The Sherathang marshes are one aTadorna ferruginea breeds.Some birds of this complex are Eu and Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola, a globally threateccasionally seen on the banks of the Bedang Tso. Hill Pigeons Colchimneys of local houses in snowy winters. The Snow Pigeon Colu m, Himalayan Monal and Gold-naped Black Finch Pyrrhoplectes epaes. The Pallas’s Fish-Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus was once seen iha range in 1994. Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and Bar-hea sighted at Bedang Tso in 1992 (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). Then harmani, a Near Threatened species, has been reported from Kup La . This area falls under PangolakhaWildlife Sanctuary and is adjane of the two endemic birds in Southern Tibet (e of mixed Broadleaf Coniferous forest; Rhododendron, Juniper and det al. 1998). Another Near Threatened species found in.Due to great altitudinal variation from 1300 m to above 4,000 m, three bian High Montane (Alpine and Tibetan), from above 3,600 m; st, between 1,800 m and 3,600 m; and, Biome-8: Sino-Himalayan Sub c. 1,000 m to 2,000 m (BirdLife International, undatedh 11 are found a t this site. YUMTHANG The globally threatened Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola is occasionally seen in the Rhododendron-Fir forest of Shingba, and Ibisbill breed s on the shingle beds of the Yumthang Chu in small numbers, usually not more than two pairs. Grandala Grandala coelicolor, a local altitudinal migrant, is seen sometimes in apparently all-female flocks. Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus and Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanus breed in the higher reaches of the Sanctuary while the Himalayan Griffon Gyps himalayensis is a resident of the cold desert.Gould’s Shortwing Brachypteryx stellata, Rufous-bellied Crested Tit Parus rubidiventris and the restricted range Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis are common in forest patches. The Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda is conspicuous when Rhododendrons are in bloom. Rufous-bellied Eagle Hieraaetus kienerii was sighted in Yumthang in June 1984. Jungle Crows are now resident at this altitude of c. 4,000 m with increasing tourist pressure (U. Lachungpa pers. comm. 2003). This IBA lies at the interface of Biome-5 (Eurasian High Montane: Alpine and Tibetan) and Biome-7 (Si no-Himalayan Temperate Forest). Therefore, species of both biomes are represented.It has alpine meadows and scrubs, so we get Tibetan Partridge Perdix hodgsoniae, Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus and Hume’s Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris, while at slightly lower altitude where Montane Broadleaf Evergreen and Mixed Broadleaf–Coniferous Forest are found, species representing Biome-7 predominate. BirdLife International (undated) has listed 48 species in Biome-5, out of which 19 have been seen in this IBA. The Biome-7 has a long list of 112 species, of which 19 are found here. Looking at the intact habitat and the fact that no one has conducted detailed study on the avifauna of this site, more species of this biome are likely to be found here. State of Environment 2007 – Sikkim 21

Mercury Fulminate and Crystal Meth in Breaking Bad

Mercury Fulminate and Crystal Meth in 'Breaking Bad' Episode 6 of AMCs Breaking Bad has a scene where our hero, Walt, passes a plastic bag of mercury fulminate off as crystal meth. Why mercury fulminate? I guess there arent many easy-to-make explosives that look like crystal meth. The thing is... I dont think fulminate of mercury looks like it was portrayed in the tv show.Mercury fulminate [or fulminate of mercury, Hg(ONC)2] was first prepared in 1800 by Edward Charles Howard. It is an explosive that mainly was used in favor of flints to ignite black powder in a firearm. Its pretty easy to make... the synthesis involves dissolving mercury in nitric acid and adding ethanol to the solution. However, you end up precipitating a white to grayish-brown powder (depending on purity) like what you see in this photo and not big chunks of glassy crystals, as seen in Breaking Bad.Although mercury fulminate is easy to prepare, you dont want to try it. The explosive is highly sensitive to just about everything... shock, sparks, flame, friction, and heat. I dont think Walt could have been so casual handling a bag of it without having a little accident. If you dont blow yourself up with the compound, you could gas yourself with fumes from the synthesis (reaction should be done outdoors or inside a fume hood). Then there is the product... mercury compounds are toxic. The mercury doesnt magically disappear when the compound explodes.The episode got me wondering. If you were in charge of props for a tv show and were asked to come up with crystal meth, what would you use? Im going to guess using the illegal drug would not be an option. I am betting they used rock candy. What do you think?Breaking Bad - Elements in the Body | Breaking Bad - Hydrofluoric AcidPhoto:

Adverse Effects of Piracy essays

Adverse Effects of Piracy essays According to a 2000 study, the U.S. software industry lost more than $2.6 billion to software piracy in 2000. This loss has a significant impact on the U.S. economy. Furthermore, it has been estimated that software piracy cost the U.S. economy over 109,000 jobs, $5.6 billion in lost wages and more than $1.5 billion in tax revenue in the year 2000. Software piracy is not an issue to be taken lightly. The US government has noticed how big software piracy has gotten and has started to crack down on it. Software piracy needs to be stopped. If it is not, all computer users that legitimately purchase software will suffer. Software piracy is defined as the unauthorized duplication, distribution or use of computer software. This can range from making more copies of software than the license allows or installing software licensed for one computer onto multiple computers or a server. With new technologies today the ability to pirate software has become much easier. Many believe this not to be a problem; however, thousands of peoples lives are being affected by this everyday. Companies are losing millions of dollars and having to lay off employees. Copying cheats the publisher and everyone who uses the software. It makes software more costly and denies the publisher the sales it needs to improve software and finance new projects. Up until two to three years ago, software piracy was not a very big issue. Not to say that it was not happening, but it was not as wide spread as today. Since the beginning of the computer, people have been copying software and giving it to friends and family. Small, home based piracy has changed; it has developed into a high tech, low cost production. People used to have to buy the software in order to copy it; however, with a modem and a little bit of computer knowledge, any one can pirate software for free. Nothing has contributed more to the rise of s ...